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<h1 id="原子结构与元素性质--四--原子结构-元素周期表">原子结构与元素性质 · 四 · 「原子结构 元素周期表」<a class="headerlink" href="#原子结构与元素性质--四--原子结构-元素周期表" title="Permanent link"></a></h1>
<p><img alt="" src="../images/4.1.png" /></p>
<blockquote>
<p>类金属：<span class="arithmatex">\(Te,Sb,B,Ge,As,Si\)</span>
碱金属：<span class="arithmatex">\(Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs,Fr\)</span>
卤素：<span class="arithmatex">\(F,Cl,Br,I,At,Ts\)</span></p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="核外电子排布与周期的划分">核外电子排布与周期的划分<a class="headerlink" href="#核外电子排布与周期的划分" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<blockquote>
<p>化学家鲍林(L.Pauling)基于大量光谱实验数据及近似的理论计算，提出的多电子原子的原子轨道 <strong>近似能级图</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p><img title="" src="images\4.2.png"  data-align="inline" width="300"></p>
<p>在这个图中，如果将 <strong>能量相近的原子轨道归为一组</strong>，所得到的能级组按照能量从低到高的顺序与元素周期表中的周期相对应。<strong>不同能级组之间的能量差较大，同一能级组内能级之间的能量差较小</strong></p>
<p>进一步研究表明，<strong>通常只有最外能级组的电子才有可能参与化学反应，最外能级组中那些有可能参与 化学反应的电子称为 价电子(valence electron)</strong></p>
<p>一般情况下，主族元素原子的价电子只包括最外层电子；过渡元素原子的价电子除最外层电子外，还包括次外层的部分电子，甚至倒数第三层的电子</p>
<h2 id="价层电子排布与周期的划分">价层电子排布与周期的划分<a class="headerlink" href="#价层电子排布与周期的划分" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<p><img title="" src="images\4.3.jpg"  data-align="inline" ></p>
<ul>
<li>第一周期：<span class="arithmatex">\(1s^1\longrightarrow1s^2\)</span></li>
<li>第二周期：<span class="arithmatex">\(2s^1\longrightarrow2s^2\longrightarrow2s^22p^1\longrightarrow...\longrightarrow2s^22p^6\)</span></li>
<li>第三周期：<span class="arithmatex">\(3s^1\longrightarrow3s^2\longrightarrow3s^23p^1\longrightarrow...\longrightarrow3s^23p^6\)</span></li>
<li>第四周期：<span class="arithmatex">\(4s^1\longrightarrow4s^2\longrightarrow3d^14s^2\longrightarrow...\longrightarrow3d^{10}4s^2\longrightarrow4s^24p^1\longrightarrow...\longrightarrow4s^24p^6\)</span></li>
<li>第五周期：<span class="arithmatex">\(5s^1\longrightarrow5s^2\longrightarrow4d^15s^2\longrightarrow...\longrightarrow4d^{10}5s^2\longrightarrow5s^25p^1\longrightarrow...\longrightarrow5s^25p^6\)</span></li>
<li>第六周期：<span class="arithmatex">\(La\)</span>系<span class="arithmatex">\(6s\longrightarrow4f\longrightarrow5d\longrightarrow6p\)</span></li>
<li>第七周期：<span class="arithmatex">\(Ac\)</span>系<span class="arithmatex">\(7s\longrightarrow5f\longrightarrow6d\longrightarrow7p\)</span></li>
</ul>
<p>除第一周期外，其余周期总是从 <span class="arithmatex">\(ns\)</span> 能级开始，以 <span class="arithmatex">\(nsnp\)</span> 能级结束；<strong>一个能级组最多能容纳的电子数等于对应的周期包含的元素种数</strong></p>
<p>过渡元素优先填充内层的 <span class="arithmatex">\(d\)</span> 轨道，其余元素的价层电子无需写 <span class="arithmatex">\(d\)</span> 轨道</p>
<blockquote>
<p>如：</p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(_{33}As\)</span>: 核外电子排布式：<span class="arithmatex">\([Ar]3d^{10}4s^24p^3\)</span></p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(_{33}As\)</span>: 价层电子排布式：<span class="arithmatex">\(4s^24p^3\)</span></p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(_{54}Xe\)</span>: 核外电子排布式：<span class="arithmatex">\([Kr]4d^{10}5s^25p^6\)</span></p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(_{54}Xe\)</span>: 价层电子排布式：<span class="arithmatex">\(5s^25p^6\)</span></p>
</blockquote>
<p>价层电子排布式书写方式：（以 <span class="arithmatex">\(Sb为例\)</span>）
1. <span class="arithmatex">\(Sb\)</span> 为第五周期 <span class="arithmatex">\(ⅤA\)</span> 族
2. <span class="arithmatex">\(ⅤA\)</span> 族：最外层有五个电子
3. 第五周期：第五能层
4. 所以电子排布式为 <span class="arithmatex">\(5s^25p^3\)</span></p>
<h2 id="各族元素价层电子排布特点">各族元素价层电子排布特点<a class="headerlink" href="#各族元素价层电子排布特点" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>主族</strong>：<span class="arithmatex">\(ns^1 \longrightarrow ns^2np^5\)</span>，且主族序数<span class="arithmatex">\((n)\)</span>= 最外层电子数 = 价层电子数</li>
<li><strong>0 族</strong>：<span class="arithmatex">\(He\)</span>为<span class="arithmatex">\(1s^2\)</span>，其他为<span class="arithmatex">\(ns^2np^6\)</span>（最外层 <span class="arithmatex">\(8\)</span> 电子）</li>
<li><strong>过渡元素</strong>（全部都是金属，最外层电子数不超 <span class="arithmatex">\(2\)</span> ）</li>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(ⅢB\)</span> 族~<span class="arithmatex">\(ⅤⅡB\)</span> 族：
        <span class="arithmatex">\((n-1)d^{1-5}ns^{1-2}\)</span>
        族序数 = 价电子数
        <span class="arithmatex">\(d\)</span> 轨道未全满 
        &gt; 特殊：<span class="arithmatex">\(Cr:3d^54s^1\)</span> <span class="arithmatex">\(Cu:3d^{10}4s^1\)</span>
        &gt; 例外：<span class="arithmatex">\(Pd:4d^{10}\)</span>（ <span class="arithmatex">\(d\)</span> 轨道全满） 以及 镧系、锕系</li>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(ⅤⅢ\)</span> 族（8、9、10 列）：<span class="arithmatex">\((n-1)d+ns\)</span> 能级的电子数之和</li>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(ⅠB、ⅡB\)</span> 族：
        <span class="arithmatex">\((n-1)d^{10}ns^{1-2}\)</span>  [<span class="arithmatex">\((n-1)d\)</span> 轨道为全充满状态]</li>
<li>镧系/锕系：<span class="arithmatex">\((n-2)f^{0-14}(n-1)d^{0-2}ns^2\)</span></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="元素周期表的分区">元素周期表的分区<a class="headerlink" href="#元素周期表的分区" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<p>按照核外电子排布，可把元素周期表划分成 5 个区：<span class="arithmatex">\(s\)</span> 区、<span class="arithmatex">\(p\)</span> 区、<span class="arithmatex">\(d\)</span> 区、<span class="arithmatex">\(ds\)</span> 区、<span class="arithmatex">\(f\)</span> 区
除 <span class="arithmatex">\(ds\)</span> 区外，<strong>各区的名称来自按构造原理最后填入电子的能级符号</strong></p>
<p><img title="元素周期表的分区" src="images\4.4.png"  data-align="inline" width='500'></p>


  



 
 
 
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